پژوهشنامه نقد ادبی و بلاغت
سال دهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 24، زمستان 1400)

Mystics to express their mystical experiences and teachings, chose a kind of expression called "mystical language". This language was used to explain and transmit mystical teachings and rituals and is divided into different categories. One of the most famous of them is its division into phrase language and sign language. The phrase language has been used to express mystical teachings and the sign language has been used to express mystical experiences. The basic element in the language of expression is mystical terms and in sign language, mystery, symbol, metaphor and…. Metaphor is one of the most important elements in sign language and plays an important role in expressing the deepest and most complex mystical perceptions in the form of sign language. Metaphor has different branches one of the most important and effective of them is abnormal metaphors. Among the abnormal metaphors, words that have a favorable place among the people like mosque, school and … sometimes used in a negative sense and words like wine, butler, lover and … which have a negative and distasteful meaning among the people of Sharia as well as public, are used in mystical poems with desirable and positive semantic application. This kind of use of words has faced different reactions due to its opposition to the custom of the people in different periods of time and sometimes because of this, some people have opposed the people of knowledge. This research studies important mystical texts in which abnormal metaphors are used and also investigate the roots and factors of the abnormal metaphors formation in the sign language based on documentary and library studies and in this way, tries to provide a ground for the correct understanding of the meanings of mystical texts. One of the most important findings of this study is that spread of malamatieye thinking in the field of Persian mystical poetry, Prevalence of poems describing the beloved in Samaa Meetings and the preference of the relative meaning of words over the original meaning are the most important factors and roots in the formation of abnormal metaphors in Persian mystical poetry.

The process of dramatic adaptation of fictional narratives has always been considered as one of the most significant problems for playwrights. This challenge provided new capabilities for literary studies after the modern period, particularly when literary styles developed in more various forms and the awareness to adapt literary works in Film and Theater gradually increased. In this essay, we attempted to propose a new conceptual model for adapting Iranian Composite Novels by posing the question of what the main challenges of this type of creative adaptation might be, and how to present a dramatic interpretation of this unconventional literary genre. Our initial assumption is that the use of new theories related to dramatic form and structure can provide a new explanation to the theoretical problem of this research. The research is done by a descriptive-analytical method and the data was collected by referring to library sources. Our theoretical approach to the problem is inspired by Maggie Dunn and Ann Morris's views on the nature of the Composite Novel (1995) and Sam Smiley's interpretations on new dramatic structures (2005). The results of this study confirm that in the challenge of adapting modern fictional narratives, where language is the common device for exchanging signs between literary source text and dramatic target text, formulating new forms of dramaturgical adaptation will be a suitable explanation.

In this paper the authors have investigated the impact of the introduction of Shah Nameh on the introduction of Koush Nameh. Tahmidiyeh is one of the most important sections of epic poetry. Beginning to write “In the name of God” at the top of the texts, has a long history and has many evidences in the writings and remnants of ancient Iranian languages. The content of the prefaces of epic poems, in the first place, includes Tahmidiyeh( A general trait in the poetry of Iran); then, a selection of religious beliefs of the epic poet, which has been composed and dealt mainly with the inspiration of Shahnameh style. The present study, is a descriptive approach and based on inductive method in the two texts of Shahnameh and Koush Nameh. It searches the relationship between the introduction of Kouh nameh; and the introduction of Shah Nameh. The paper examines the effectiveness of Koush Nameh introduction from Shah Nameh in the shadow of paratextuality. The results of studying the Tahmidiyeh sections in both poems show that in the initial section of Koush Nameh & Shah Nameh, praising God and counting the names and intrinsic names, attributes and purifications of God have a high and honorable position and the following sections Its collection also; Like praising and honoring the intellect, how it was created, praising the knowledge and value of speech, praising the Prophet (PBUH) and admonition, also has a special effect. Iran shah has followed Ferdowsi in composing the main and internal parts of the introduction of Koush Nameh, in including elements such as: donating the work, the entry of the work, how to access the prose version and referring to the source, as well as praising the king of the era. Finally, with the studies, it was found that the introduction of Koush Nameh in the position of the present text, has explicitly had a great impact on the structure of the absence of Shahnameh in the position of the missing text in how it is structured and Shahnameh has played a fundamental role in reproducing the contents of Koush Nameh.

Existentialism is one of the most important branches of contemporary philosophy, which, like all schools and terms that emerged in the twentieth century, incorporates a variety of ideas and works. The common denominator of all existentialist thinkers is their opposition to transcendental philosophies. Unlike transcendental philosophers, existentialists consider cognition to be possible after the existence of an object and consider the existence of an object unnecessary. The non-necessity of human existence gives them freedom, but according to existentialists, men are responsible to create meaning for their absurd and meaningless existence with the help of the freedom. They use literature to form their ideas and explain their existentialist beliefs in the fictions. Existentialist fictions are similar in form to other modernist works. Absurdity, commitment, finding meaning of life, dichotomy of good and evil and blurring of boundaries between them, conflict with religions, ideologies and traditional values and the desire for freedom are the most important themes of existentialist literature. This school of thought had a great influence in Iran during Pahlavi regime. In this article, four modernist novels of that period; Bufe Kur, Yakolia and her Loneliness, Malakut, and Shazdeh Ehtejab, are examined from the perspectives of existentialist literature. We examined three existentialist themes: nihilism; dichotomy of good and evil or God and Satan; alienation and self alienation, in chosen novels. By this division, we obtained a line of thought and came to the conclusion that the metaphysical view of the first three novels does not continue in Shazdeh Ehtejab and viewpoint of Golshiri becomes social. Also, the nihilism of previous eras fades, and the characters in Shazdeh Ehtejab try to create meaning for their lives to escape emptiness. Also we found out that the main characters of all four novels are involved in an epistemological crisis. They all try to find an identity for themselves in the conflict with their society: some are resolved in social norms and values, others find their individuality however they are rejected by society.

Dividing every phenomenon into its constituent elements is scientifically important. "Character" is one of the most important elements of the narrative and how to interpret the characters of the story is one of the main components of the interpretation of the text. This research aims to study and analyze the postmodernist components in the characters of the psycho-literary novel "Cold Coffee of Mr. Author" by "Ruzbeh Moin". The research method is analytical-descriptive and the data collection method is library studies. The theoretical foundations and findings of this research are as follows: Postmodernism was a creative leap that continued with the criticism of modernism on its continuity. The theme of death, love and neurosis is one of the important topics in world literature that is addressed by the postmodernist narrative. The author's cold coffee is a narrative that depicts the world of neurotic characters with the patterns and characteristics of postmodern fiction literature in its narrative twists, and from every corner we hear the voice of the text, and in the heart of every story is a historical, political, artistic character, etc. It can be seen that the author puts his feelings, intentions and words in the text of the story with such arrangements. In this novel, a kind of comparison of personality in the course of modern narration; With famous personalities and attributing action and self-work, there are fictional characters that remind of those personalities and revive their great and emotional actions. By using the actions of characters and modern story writing techniques such as de-heroism, intertextuality, story within story, change of narrator and perspective, uncertainty, endless cycle, identity and unity of characters, loss of meaning, etc., he brings his novel closer to postmodern narratives. . The main characters are a type and prototype example of people who have psychosis and abnormalities of the world of postmodernism and absurdism, such as fascination, skepticism, loss of meaning, denial of truth and reality, and mental-behavioral symptoms, illusions and delusions of anti-social personalities; They depict problematic, sociopath, schizoid, paranoid. The similarities of actions and behaviors of the characters are influenced by the shadow or the hidden and dark aspects of their existence and a drawing of the confusion of the contemporary human mind and the world around them.

Women play an important role in the intellectual and behavioral dynamics of society. Therefore, examining their thoughts is effective in the cognitive development of society. Forough Farrokhzad, as an influential personality in contemporary Persian literature, has represented his inner feminine in the form of his poems. Part of which is related to the category of "self" in Freud's psychology. The use of Freud's opinions has an effect in rereading Farrokhzad's intellectual layers. Therefore, in the present research, citing library sources and descriptive-analytical method, The time periods of his poetic life have been examined based on the concepts of "Self, Super-Ego and Id". The main research question is, according to Freud's theory, how is Forough's true "Self" interpreted and understood in his poems? The results show that Forough did not achieve the real "Self" as the ultimate goal of life in his early poems; Because in his youth, "Id" plays a more important role in his intellectual and biological life, which results in the distortion of his realistic view of society. In the stage of his poetic perfection, Forough goes further and finds his true "Self" in the tension between "Self" and "Id", which results in reaching social love and a critical and responsible attitude towards people and society.

Like literature, architecture has a bond with symbols, mysteries, metaphors, mystical concepts, socio-cultural mentalities and etc. and like literature is considered one of the most outstanding displays of the culture and thoughts of nations in different periods. In fact, words, elements and idioms in architecture are considered as one of the inspiring, artistic and array making tools for poets and writers. Extracting, studying and assessing buildings that are mentioned in poetry and writings of Persian literature, helps to know the architectural styles of different periods and to illustrate the ambiguous parts of Islamic and Persian history of architecture to a large extent. The period under study in this article is the Timurid period which it's most important characteristic in its architecture, is related to the decoration of its buildings and in this view this period is considered to be one of the most important periods of Islamic architecture. On one hand results of this research are an indicator of the usage of decorations like “Muqarnas, plastering, engraving, calligraphy and inscription, goldsmithing, woodcarving and shamseh” in architecture in Timurid period, and on the other hand are an illustrator of the manner and amount of usage of these decorations in the creation of literary arrays in poetry of this period. This article is prepared using the library and interpretation and analyzation method. Surely literature is one of the most important resources of discovery and extraction of kinds of decoration used in architecture in different periods. and architectural decorations are also considered one of the most beautifying tools in literary texts. So, study of important works of poetry and writing remaining from the Timurid period, especially Jami's poetry is very important in this view.

Creation of poetic images in the setting of novel adjunctive or attributive combinations that are far from conventional norms, whenever associated with purposeful innovations of poets and led to creation of deep associations between words, have immersed poetry in an aura of genuine poetic imagination and encouraged the audience to discover the subtleties hidden in the semantic layers of words. In the process of lexical combinability, the quality of lexical selection and combination indicates the weakness or mastery of poets in using linguistic capacities. A poet who continuously uses the combination of repeated words in the creation of poetic images, imposes a burden of boredom on the mind of the audience and opens a desolate perspective in front of the reader’s eyes. In such an atmosphere where everything looks conventional and ordinary, contemporary poets of Iran and Iraq in particular with regard to their intellectual and cultural affinities, have challenged the semantic norms of the language through new composite constructions in order to save words from the bondage of repetitive images. The constant assault of the poets of these two realms on the semantic rules governing the combination of words and their boldness in using the capacities available in the language has sometimes been accompanied by the creation of similar new combinations, something which the reader experiences for the first time. The basis of the authors' efforts in this research is finding an answer to this question: What are the most important motifs that have led to the combination of words far from each other and expanded the semantic field of the language in common form in the poems of contemporary poets of Iran and Iraq? According to the findings of this study employing new combinations in the structure of the poetry of today's Iranian and Iraqi poets has given their poetry a new and unusual movement by opening new semantic perspectives.